pratyakṣaviruddha(prakṣābhāsa) NPra 3.1.1: tatra pratyakṣaviruddho yathā / aśrāvaṇaḥ śabda iti // HTU 12: sa tu pakṣābhāsaḥ / yathā dhūmādir dharmī buddhimatā hetunā janyata iti sādhye / pratyakṣaviruddhaḥ pakṣābhāsaḥ / pratyakṣeṇa vahnijanyasya dhūmasya darśanāt // |